India is the land of rivers. More than 400 large and small rivers are located in India, which are divided into 23 large and 200 small river basins. The flow of water through clearly defined channels is called drainage and the network of these channels is called drainage system. The drainage scheme of an area is the result of the geological period, the nature and structure of the rocks, topography, slope, etc. The drainage of the Indian subcontinent has adapted with the development of three main geomorphological units, namely the northern mountains, the northern plains and the peninsular plateau. About 77% of the catchment area, consisting of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, Mahanadi, Krishna, etc., is oriented towards the Bay of Bengal. On the other hand, 23%, consisting of the Indus, Narmada, Tapi, Mahi and Periyar, discharge their waters into the Arabian Sea. For example, the Yamuna and Ganges rivers are struck perpendicularly by the drainage rivers Chambal, Sind, Ken, Betwa, Tons and Son. On both sides of the ridges develop several streams, which connect perpendicular to the longitudinal currents. These tributaries are called downstream lateral streams. Thus, the network resulting from many longitudinal currents and transverse or lateral consequences is called a lattice pattern. Rectangular drainage develops on rocks that have approximately uniform erosion resistance, but have two articular directions at right angles or 90 degrees.

Joints are generally less resistant to erosion than loose rock, so erosion tends to open the joints preferably and eventually develop along the joints. The result is a flow system in which streams consist mainly of straight line segments with right-angled curvatures, and tributaries connect larger right-angled streams. [2] This pattern is found on the Arun River in Nepal. The drainage pattern of the espalier occurs when the main tributaries of the main rivers flow parallel to each other and the secondary tributaries connect them at right angles. For example, rivers in the upper part of the Himalayan region. Lattice drainage is characteristic of folded mountains, such as the Appalachians in North America and the northern part of Trinidad. The terms watershed, watershed, watershed, watershed, watershed and watershed are also used to refer to watersheds. Radial streams develop other tributaries. These tributaries attempt to follow a circular drainage pattern around the summit when the highlands have an outer soft layer. In India, this drainage scheme is not particularly typical. In a radial drainage system, streams radiate outward from a central culmination.

Volcanoes generally have excellent radial drainage. Miscellaneous A drainage system is said to be appropriate if its pattern correlates with the structure and relief of the landscape over which it flows. [2] A drainage pattern is called discordant if it is not correlated with the topography and geology of the area. Discordant drainage patterns are divided into two main types: anterior and superimposed,[2] while antepositional drainage patterns combine the two. In the previous drainage, the vertical cutting capacity of a river corresponds to the uplift of the ground due to tectonic forces. Overlapping drainage develops differently: first, a drainage system develops on a surface of „younger“ rock, but due to denudative activity, this surface of younger rock is removed and the river continues to flow over what appears to be a new surface, but is actually made up of rocks of ancient geological formation. The spiny drainage pattern, a rare type of drainage, occurs when tributaries flow in directions opposite to their major streams. Tributaries flow into their main streams in a hook-shaped bend. Such a pattern usually develops due to river catches. Stream capture, river capture, river piracy or river piracy is a geomorphological phenomenon that occurs when a stream or river drainage system or watershed is diverted from its own bed and instead flows into the bed of a nearby stream.

The most typical type is called the dendritic drainage scheme. It resembles the branching pattern of tree roots. These grooves are further extended in length and width and become channels. Over time, a network of streams develops in which streams follow the lines of weakness (joints and fractures). The tributaries merge almost perpendicular to their main streams, forming a rectangular drainage pattern. When a piece of a river slope and its surroundings are lifted, the river maintains its previous slope by crossing the elevated area, creating deep canyons known as vertical erosion or vertical tee. Angry drainage patterns form when rock joints and faults intersect at sharper angles than rectangular drainage patterns.